More karyotype info on Harttia

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More karyotype info on Harttia

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Sassi, F. D., Moreira-Filho, O., Deon, G. A., Sember, A., Bertollo, L. A., Liehr, T., ... & Cioffi, M. D. B. (2021). Adding New Pieces to the Puzzle of Karyotype Evolution in Harttia (Siluriformes, Loricariidae): Investigation of Amazonian Species. Biology, 10(9), 922.

https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10090922
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/9/922
Simple Summary
Fishes represent a useful model for evolutionary studies, given their diversity of species and habitats. In this study, we investigate the chromosomes of three unexplored Harttia fish species from the Amazonian region and compare the obtained data with previous analyses. Our data reveal that both and Harttia sp. 3 exhibit the same number of chromosomes in their cells (54), but that they differ in the karyotype organization. possesses 58 chromosomes, being thus the first representative from north Brazil to present this feature for both sexes. Although otherwise rather common in Harttia species, we observed no chromosomal differences between sexes in all but one species. Namely in Harttia sp. 3, we revealed signs of initial differentiation between homologues of one chromosome pair in males but not in females. Altogether, our data bring new evidence strengthening the view that Harttia spp. represent an informative model for studying patterns of karyotype and sex chromosome dynamics in teleost fishes.

Abstract
A remarkable morphological diversity and karyotype variability can be observed in the Neotropical armored catfish genus . These fishes offer a useful model to explore both the evolution of karyotypes and sex chromosomes, since many species possess male-heterogametic sex chromosome systems and a high rate of karyotype repatterning. Based on the karyotype organization, the chromosomal distribution of several repetitive DNA classes, and the rough estimates of genomic divergences at the intraspecific and interspecific levels via Comparative Genomic Hybridization, we identified shared diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 54) but different karyotype compositions in H. dissidens (20m + 26sm + 8a) and Harttia sp. 3 (16m + 18sm + 14st + 6a), and different 2n in H. guianensis (2n = 58; 20m + 26sm + 2st + 10a). All species further displayed similar patterns of chromosomal distribution concerning constitutive heterochromatin, 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites, and most of the surveyed microsatellite motifs. Furthermore, differences in the distribution of 5S rDNA sites and a subset of microsatellite sequences were identified. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes were lacking in H. dissidens and H. guianensis at the scale of our analysis. However, one single chromosome pair in Harttia sp. 3 males presented a remarkable accumulation of male genome-derived probe after CGH, pointing to a tentative region of early sex chromosome differentiation. Thus, our data support already previously outlined evidence that Harttia is a vital model for the investigation of teleost karyotype and sex chromosome dynamics.
Keywords: chromosomes; comparative genomic hybridization (CGH); repetitive DNA; sex chromosomes
Attachments
Brazilian territory (green), and the Harttia species cytogenetically analyzed in former reports [34–36,38] (white<br />circles), including the present study (red circles). Each Harttia species is presented by a certain number; the table with the<br />coding system is presented in the white frame on the right.
Brazilian territory (green), and the Harttia species cytogenetically analyzed in former reports [34–36,38] (white
circles), including the present study (red circles). Each Harttia species is presented by a certain number; the table with the
coding system is presented in the white frame on the right.
Figure 7<br />Updated schematic representation of the phylogenetic relationships between Harttia species (modified from our formerly published scheme—see ref. [36], based on the molecular data (see ref. [52]), and with plotted cytogenetic characteristics based on previous cytogenetic studies (blue), and the present study (red). Differentiated sex chromosomes are indicated in boxes as follows: X1X2Y (green box), XY1Y2 (light blue box), and XY (pink box). Species listed in the gray box (placed at the bottom-right corner) were cytogenetically investigated but their position in the phylogenetic reconstruction needs yet to be determined. River basins where norther Harttia species occur are highlighted as follows: Xingu (yellow), Tapajós (green), and Tocantins-Araguaia (purple). Asterisks correspond to extra B chromosomes that can be found in H. longipinna karyotype [82].
Figure 7
Updated schematic representation of the phylogenetic relationships between Harttia species (modified from our formerly published scheme—see ref. [36], based on the molecular data (see ref. [52]), and with plotted cytogenetic characteristics based on previous cytogenetic studies (blue), and the present study (red). Differentiated sex chromosomes are indicated in boxes as follows: X1X2Y (green box), XY1Y2 (light blue box), and XY (pink box). Species listed in the gray box (placed at the bottom-right corner) were cytogenetically investigated but their position in the phylogenetic reconstruction needs yet to be determined. River basins where norther Harttia species occur are highlighted as follows: Xingu (yellow), Tapajós (green), and Tocantins-Araguaia (purple). Asterisks correspond to extra B chromosomes that can be found in H. longipinna karyotype [82].
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