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• 
  Species: Microglanis cottoides
  Caption: M. cibelae. PEVA, RS, Brazil
• 
  Species: Mystus cavasius
  Caption: M.cavasius (above) and M.seengtee (below).
• 
  Species: Mystus cavasius
  Caption: M.cavasius (above) and M.seengtee (below).
• 
  Species: Mystus cavasius
  Caption: M.cavasius (right) and M.seengtee (left).
• 
  Species: Mystus seengtee
  Caption: Madras
• 
  Species: Mystus seengtee
  Caption: Madras
• 
  Species: Mystus vittatus
  Caption: Madras
• 
  Species: Osteogeneiosus militaris
  Caption: Mahakam River, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
• 
  Species: Sperata seenghala
  Caption: Maharashtra, India
• 
  Species: Sperata seenghala
  Caption: Maharashtra, India
• 
  Species: Sperata seenghala
  Caption: Maharashtra, India
• 
  Species: Amblyceps laticeps
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Liobagrus marginatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Bunocephalus coracoideus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Bunocephalus coracoideus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Platystacus cotylephorus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Platystacus cotylephorus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ageneiosus polystictus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Auchenipterichthys coracoideus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Duringlanis altae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Duringlanis altae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Duringlanis perugiae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Duringlanis perugiae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Entomocorus gameroi
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Entomocorus gameroi
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Entomocorus gameroi
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Entomocorus gameroi
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Glanidium botocudo
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Tatia concolor
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Tatia dunni
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Tatia dunni
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Tatia gyrina
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Tatia intermedia
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Tatia strigata
  Caption: male
• 
  Species: Tatia strigata
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Tetranematichthys quadrifilis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Trachelyichthys exilis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Trachelyichthys exilis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Trachelyichthys exilis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Trachelyichthys exilis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Trachelyichthys exilis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Trachelyopterus fisheri
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Trachelyopterus fisheri
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Bagrichthys macracanthus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Mystus carcio
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Mystus vittatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln1) sp. (Cw124)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln4) guapore
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) napoensis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) sp. (C089)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) sp. (C123)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) sp. (Cw008)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) sp. (Cw018)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) sp. (Cw048)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) sp. (Cw105)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) undulatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) undulatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln6) paleatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln6) paleatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln6) tukano
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln8sc3) geryi
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln8sc3) geryi
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln8sc3) pantanalensis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln8sc3) pantanalensis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln8sc4) sp. (C141)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) baderi
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) boesemani
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) caudimaculatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) concolor
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) concolor
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) loretoensis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) similis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) sp. (C054)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) sp. (Cw069)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) sp. (Cw111)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) sp. (Cw112)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) sp. (Cw140)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hoplosternum littorale
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hoplosternum magdalenae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Megalechis picta
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Megalechis picta
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Megalechis picta
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Megalechis thoracata
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax barbatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax barbatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax kronei
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax kronei
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax kronei
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax lacerdai
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax macropterus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax macropterus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax prionotos
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax sp. (C112)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax sp. (C112)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax sp. (Cw038)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax sp. (Cw038)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax sp. (Cw038)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax sp. (Cw067)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scleromystax sp. (Cw147)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Cetopsidium soniae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Cetopsis orinoco
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Cetopsis orinoco
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Cetopsis sandrae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Cetopsis umbrosa
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Clarias batrachus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Chrysichthys brachynema
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Lophiobagrus brevispinis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Lophiobagrus brevispinis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Lophiobagrus brevispinis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Parauchenoglanis ngamensis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Parauchenoglanis ngamensis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Parauchenoglanis ngamensis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Parauchenoglanis ngamensis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Parauchenoglanis pantherinus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Parauchenoglanis pantherinus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Parauchenoglanis pantherinus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Parauchenoglanis pantherinus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Parauchenoglanis pantherinus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Amblydoras nauticus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Amblydoras nauticus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Platydoras armatulus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Brachyrhamdia sp. (1)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus cf. cirrhosus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus cf. cirrhosus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus cirrhosus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus claro
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus claro
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus falconensis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus ranunculus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. `RIO CHIRGUA`
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. `RIO TOCANTINS`
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (4)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (5)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (L088)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (L107)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (L325)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (L509)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus stigmaticus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Ancistrus trinitatis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Baryancistrus sp. (L142)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Brochiloricaria chauliodon
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Chaetostoma sp. (L455)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Corymbophanes ameliae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Farlowella platorynchus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Farlowella platorynchus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Farlowella platorynchus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hemiancistrus sp. (L128)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hemiancistrus sp. (L128)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hemiancistrus sp. (L128)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hemiancistrus sp. (L128)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hemiancistrus sp. (L128)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hemiancistrus subviridis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hisonotus aky
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus debilittera
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L004)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L066)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L066)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L173)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L173)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L173)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L236)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L260)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L316)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L316)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L316)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L333)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L333)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L471)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Lamontichthys filamentosus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Leporacanthicus cf. galaxias`venezuela`
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Leporacanthicus cf. galaxias(l241)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Leporacanthicus triactis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Loricaria simillima
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Neoplecostomus microps
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Otocinclus cocama
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Otocinclus flexilis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Panaqolus albivermis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Panaqolus albivermis
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Panaqolus changae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Panaqolus maccus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Panaqolus sp. (L403)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Pareiorhaphis bahiana
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia braueri
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia lineola
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia lujani
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. `RIO TOCANTINS`
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L038)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L076)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L080)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L205)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L205)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L205)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L265)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Pseudacanthicus pitanga
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Pseudacanthicus pitanga
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Pseudacanthicus spinosus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria aff. latirostris
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria eigenmanni
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria eigenmanni
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria fallax
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria lanceolata
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria lanceolata
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria melini
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. `BARCELOS`
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. (7)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. (7)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. (7)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. (L010A)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. (L042)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scobinancistrus aureatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scobinancistrus sp. (L253)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Scobinancistrus sp. (L253)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Spatuloricaria caquetae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Spectracanthicus zuanoni
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Sturisomatichthys reinae
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Microsynodontis sp. (1)
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Synodontis multipunctatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Synodontis nigriventris
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Synodontis notatus
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Synodontis pleurops
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Pseudopimelodus bufonius
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Pareutropius buffei
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Pareutropius buffei
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Schilbe intermedius
  Caption: Male
• 
  Species: Erethistes horai
  Caption: male
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria teffeana
  Caption: Male - close-up of head
• 
  Species: Scobinancistrus sp. (L253)
  Caption: Male - close-up of head
• 
  Species: Chaetostoma formosae
  Caption: Male - close-up of ventral view
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L140)
  Caption: Male - dorsal view
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria langei
  Caption: Male - dorsal view
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria maacki
  Caption: Male - dorsal view
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria langei
  Caption: Male - lateral view
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria maacki
  Caption: Male - lateral view
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria latirostris
  Caption: Male - orange colour morph
• 
  Species: Chaetostoma formosae
  Caption: Male - ventral view
• 
  Species: Pseudohemiodon aff. apithanos
  Caption: Male - ventral view
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria langei
  Caption: Male - ventral view
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria maacki
  Caption: Male - ventral view
• 
  Species: Sturisomatichthys aureus
  Caption: Male - ventral view
• 
  Species: Ancistrus cf. cirrhosus
  Caption: Male - wild caught - possibly the original species or at least one of those involved?
• 
  Species: Loricaria simillima
  Caption: Male 'sitting on' (lipbrooding) egg clutch
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L004)
  Caption: Male (:L028)
• 
  Species: Ageneiosus magoi
  Caption: Male (below) clasping female
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) similis
  Caption: Male (below) with female laying eggs (in fins)
• 
  Species: Ferrarissoaresia ferrarisi
  Caption: Male (Dorsal view of holotype)
• 
  Species: Scleromystax macropterus
  Caption: Male (dorsal view)
• 
  Species: Clarias batrachus
  Caption: Male (foreground) and sub-dominant female
• 
  Species: Ferrarissoaresia ferrarisi
  Caption: Male (Holotype)
• 
  Species: Panaqolus maccus
  Caption: Male (left) / female (right) differences
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) griseus
  Caption: Male (old)
• 
  Species: Synodontis lucipinnis
  Caption: Male (on right) chasing gravid female
• 
  Species: Baryancistrus beggini
  Caption: Male (right) with Ancistrus sp.
• 
  Species: Ancistrus formoso
  Caption: Male (same individual as right)1 year in captivity
• 
  Species: Megalechis picta
  Caption: Male (showing near-touching coracoids)
• 
  Species: Ferrarissoaresia ferrarisi
  Caption: Male (Ventral view of holotype)
• 
  Species: Hemiancistrus guahiborum
  Caption: Male & female, dorsal view
• 
  Species: Ancistrus cf. cirrhosus
  Caption: Male albino veiltail
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L501)
  Caption: Male and eggs in spawning cave
• 
  Species: Ancistrus claro
  Caption: Male and female in cave laying eggs
• 
  Species: Clarias batrachus
  Caption: Male at its favourite place in front of a cave
• 
  Species: Pseudacanthicus cf. leopardus
  Caption: Male below, female above
• 
  Species: Hoplosternum littorale
  Caption: Male building nest
• 
  Species: Pseudohemiodon sp. `MARBLED`
  Caption: Male carrying eggs
• 
  Species: Pseudacanthicus pirarara
  Caption: Male close-up
• 
  Species: Megalechis thoracata
  Caption: Male during spawning
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (L509)
  Caption: Male fanning eggs
• 
  Species: Sturisomatichthys aureus
  Caption: Male fanning eggs - lateral view
• 
  Species: Pseudomystus siamensis
  Caption: Male genital papillae
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L174)
  Caption: Male genital papillae
• 
  Species: Synodontis waterloti
  Caption: Male genital papillae
• 
  Species: Leporacanthicus cf. galaxias(l241)
  Caption: Male guarding cave
• 
  Species: Leporacanthicus cf. galaxias(l241)
  Caption: Male guarding cave
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus zebra
  Caption: Male guarding egg clutch (right)
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (L107)
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Dekeyseria amazonica
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus zebra
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Leporacanthicus cf. galaxias`venezuela`
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Panaqolus sp. (L169)
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Peckoltia compta
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L205)
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Pseudohemiodon aff. apithanos
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Pseudohemiodon lamina
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Pseudohemiodon lamina
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. (7)
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. (7)
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. (L010A)
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria wolfei
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Sturisomatichthys reinae
  Caption: Male guarding eggs
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. `RIO CHIRGUA`
  Caption: Male guarding eggs in his spawning tube
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L066)
  Caption: Male guarding eggs in pipe cave
• 
  Species: Sturisomatichthys reinae
  Caption: Male guarding eggs on aquarium glass
• 
  Species: Clarias batrachus
  Caption: Male guarding fry
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L260)
  Caption: Male guarding fry
• 
  Species: Panaqolus sp. (L169)
  Caption: Male guarding fry
• 
  Species: Peckoltia vittata
  Caption: Male guarding fry
• 
  Species: Noturus phaeus
  Caption: Male guarding small yellow eggs
• 
  Species: Farlowella vittata
  Caption: Male illustrating odontodes on rostrum
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L260)
  Caption: Male in breeding cave
• 
  Species: Lophiobagrus brevispinis
  Caption: Male in breeding pipe
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. `RIO FORMOSO II`
  Caption: Male in cave
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sabaji
  Caption: Male in cave
• 
  Species: Chaca chaca
  Caption: Male in cave with eggs
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus lunaorum
  Caption: Male in cave with fry
• 
  Species: Ancistomus sp. (L147)
  Caption: Male in front of his spawning cave
• 
  Species: Leporacanthicus triactis
  Caption: Male in his cave
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L038)
  Caption: Male in spawning cave
• 
  Species: Platydoras armatulus
  Caption: Male in spawning colour
• 
  Species: Farlowella vittata
  Caption: Male Lateral Profile
• 
  Species: Peckoltia vittata
  Caption: Male on top clearly showing the body odontodes
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria latirostris
  Caption: Male orange colour morph
• 
  Species: Hypostomus roseopunctatus
  Caption: Male pectoral fin
• 
  Species: Leporacanthicus cf. galaxias(l241)
  Caption: Male pectoral fin
• 
  Species: Scobinancistrus sp. (L253)
  Caption: Male pectoral fin
• 
  Species: Clarias batrachus
  Caption: Male piebald
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L174)
  Caption: Male positioned outside breeding cave
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus zebra
  Caption: Male scarred by fighting
• 
  Species: Cetopsis coecutiens
  Caption: Male showing dorsal filament
• 
  Species: Bagrichthys macracanthus
  Caption: Male showing genital papillae
• 
  Species: Bagrichthys macracanthus
  Caption: Male showing genital papillae (white)
• 
  Species: Bagrichthys macracanthus
  Caption: Male showing genital papillae (white)
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L080)
  Caption: Male showing odontodes
• 
  Species: Dekeyseria amazonica
  Caption: Male sitting on eggs
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria eigenmanni
  Caption: Male sitting on green eggs
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) bilineatus
  Caption: male specimen in phototank
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) bilineatus
  Caption: male specimen right after collecting
• 
  Species: Dianema longibarbis
  Caption: Male tending bubblenest
• 
  Species: Pseudacanthicus spinosus
  Caption: Male trapping female in cave
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. (L080)
  Caption: Male vent
• 
  Species: Megalodoras uranoscopus
  Caption: Male ventral view
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L066)
  Caption: Male with brood
• 
  Species: Pseudohemiodon sp. `MARBLED`
  Caption: Male with brood
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (L486)
  Caption: Male with egg clutch
• 
  Species: Ancistrus cf. cirrhosus
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Ancistrus cf. cirrhosus
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (L393)
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L411)
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Loricaria sp. `RIO ATABAPO`
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Panaqolus changae
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Pseudohemiodon aff. apithanos
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Pseudohemiodon almendarizi
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Pseudohemiodon sp. `MARBLED`
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria eigenmanni
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. `URUGUAY`
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. (L010A)
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Sturisomatichthys festivus
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Sturisomatichthys festivus
  Caption: Male with eggs
• 
  Species: Pseudacanthicus pirarara
  Caption: Male with eggs in cave
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L260)
  Caption: Male with erect odontodes
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L260)
  Caption: Male with fry in cave
• 
  Species: Megalechis thoracata
  Caption: Male with offspring
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. (L486)
  Caption: Male with two egg clutches
• 
  Species: Epactionotus gracilis
  Caption: Male, 28.2 mm SL
• 
  Species: Epactionotus bilineatus
  Caption: Male, 34.3 mm SL
• 
  Species: Epactionotus itaimbezinho
  Caption: Male, 34.9 mm SL
• 
  Species: Panaque sp. (L191)
  Caption: Male, 36 cm TL
• 
  Species: Panaqolus sp. (L483)
  Caption: Male, caudal peduncle
• 
  Species: Neoplecostomus microps
  Caption: Male, close-up of epidermal growth on pelvic fin
• 
  Species: Chaca chaca
  Caption: Male, close-up of face
• 
  Species: Spatuloricaria sp. `RIO NANAY`
  Caption: Male, close-up of head
• 
  Species: Pseudolithoxus dumus
  Caption: Male, close-up of pectoral fin
• 
  Species: Neoplecostomus microps
  Caption: Male, close-up of separate anal & urogenital pores
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria platyura
  Caption: Male, collected from the Comte River
• 
  Species: Epactionotus bilineatus
  Caption: Male, dorsal view
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria daraha
  Caption: Male, dorsal view
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria sp. `ARGENTINA`
  Caption: Male, Dorsal view
• 
  Species: Dekeyseria picta
  Caption: Male, elongated pelvic fin beyond pelvic fin spine
• 
  Species: Pseudolithoxus dumus
  Caption: Male, genital papillae and longer ventral fin
• 
  Species: Ageneiosus inermis
  Caption: Male, Kurisevo River, Brazil
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln8sc4) delphax
  Caption: Male, left. Female, right.
• 
  Species: Tatia intermedia
  Caption: Male, note enlarged upper caudal lobe
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln1) sp. (C042)
  Caption: Male, note the pectoral fin
• 
  Species: Otocinclus flexilis
  Caption: Male, showing anus and urogenital papilla
• 
  Species: Hemiancistrus guahiborum
  Caption: Male, showing pectoral odontodes
• 
  Species: Lamontichthys filamentosus
  Caption: Male, showing pectoral spines
• 
  Species: Rita kuturnee
  Caption: Male, Tungabhadra River, Karnataka,India
• 
  Species: Epactionotus bilineatus
  Caption: Male, ventral view
• 
  Species: Peckoltia sp. `RIO NEGRO II`
  Caption: Male, ventral view
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria daraha
  Caption: Male, ventral view
• 
  Species: Liobagrus somjinensis
  Caption: Male.
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria heteroptera
  Caption: Male. Sex-dimorphic pectoral spine & odontodes
• 
  Species: Tatia galaxias
  Caption: Male's enlongated upper caudal fin lobe
• 
  Species: Auchenoglanis cf. occidentalis
  Caption: Maleni River, Sierra Leone
• 
  Species: Ancistrus cf. cirrhosus
  Caption: Males
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln8sc4) sp. (C141)
  Caption: Males (center) in breeding color
• 
  Species: Synodontis nigromaculatus
  Caption: Mambova Rapids about 30 min upstream from Kazungula, Zambia
• 
  Species: Synodontis vanderwaali
  Caption: Mambova Rapids about 30 min upstream from Kazungula, Zambia
• 
  Species: Synodontis vanderwaali
  Caption: Mambova Rapids about 30 min upstream from Kazungula, Zambia
• 
  Species: Bunocephalus verrucosus
  Caption: Manaus
• 
  Species: Oxydoras niger
  Caption: Manaus
• 
  Species: Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum
  Caption: Manaus
• 
  Species: Bunocephalus verrucosus
  Caption: Manaus; Dorsal view
• 
  Species: Erethistoides infuscatus
  Caption: Mansai River,West Bengal,India
• 
  Species: Erethistoides infuscatus
  Caption: Mansai River,West Bengal,India
• 
  Species: Erethistoides infuscatus
  Caption: Mansai River,West Bengal,India
• 
  Species: Erethistoides infuscatus
  Caption: Mansai River,West Bengal,India
• 
  Species: Erethistoides infuscatus
  Caption: Mansai River,West Bengal,India
• 
  Species: Sperata aor
  Caption: Manu River, Kailashahar, Tripura, India
• 
  Species: Sperata aor
  Caption: Manu River, Kailashahar, Tripura, India
• 
  Species: Panaque suttonorum
  Caption: Maracaibo basin
• 
  Species: Panaque suttonorum
  Caption: Maracaibo basin; Close-up of mouth
• 
  Species: Panaque suttonorum
  Caption: Maracaibo basin; Close-up of odontodes
• 
  Species: Panaque suttonorum
  Caption: Maracaibo basin; Frontal view
• 
  Species: Ancistrus trinitatis
  Caption: Maracas river
• 
  Species: Loricaria cataphracta
  Caption: Maroni Basin
• 
  Species: Loricaria cataphracta
  Caption: Maroni Basin
• 
  Species: Loricaria cataphracta
  Caption: Maroni Basin
• 
  Species: Guyanancistrus megastictus
  Caption: Maroni R., Mitaraka Mtn., Alama Crk. (F. Melki)
• 
  Species: Pseudancistrus barbatus
  Caption: Maroni River
• 
  Species: Hypostomus plecostomus
  Caption: Marshall creek (Suriname river drainage)
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln7) schultzei
  Caption: Mating
• 
  Species: Trachelyopterus fisheri
  Caption: Mating behaviour
• 
  Species: Synodontis caudalis
  Caption: Mature adult
• 
  Species: Synodontis caudalis
  Caption: Mature adult
• 
  Species: Sorubimichthys planiceps
  Caption: Mature fish
• 
  Species: Sorubimichthys planiceps
  Caption: Mature fish in large home
• 
  Species: Synodontis ansorgii
  Caption: Mature-first dorsal ray nipped
• 
  Species: Synodontis ansorgii
  Caption: Mature-first dorsal ray nipped
• 
  Species: Synodontis ansorgii
  Caption: Mature-first dorsal ray nipped
• 
  Species: Hypostomus subcarinatus
  Caption: MCNIP 1103, Dorsal view
• 
  Species: Hypostomus subcarinatus
  Caption: MCNIP 1103, Lagoa da Pampulha, Belo Horizonte
• 
  Species: Hypostomus subcarinatus
  Caption: MCNIP 1103, Ventral view
• 
  Species: Hemibagrus wyckioides
  Caption: Mekong
• 
  Species: Ictalurus punctatus
  Caption: Memphis, Tennessee
• 
  Species: Pseudolaguvia tuberculata
  Caption: Microscopic close-up view of the adhesive apparatus showing hook like structures called
• 
  Species: Pseudolaguvia tuberculata
  Caption: Microscopic close-up view of the adhesive apparatus.
• 
  Species: Glyptothorax telchitta
  Caption: Microscopic close-up view of tubercules on skin.
• 
  Species: Glyptothorax chavomensis
  Caption: Mid-dorsal neural spines
• 
  Species: Cordylancistrus pijao
  Caption: Middle Magdalena, Antioquia Dept. Dorsal view
• 
  Species: Cordylancistrus pijao
  Caption: Middle Magdalena, Antioquia Dept. Ventral view
• 
  Species: Cordylancistrus pijao
  Caption: Middle Magdalena, southeastern Antioquia Department, Colombia
• 
  Species: Zaireichthys monomotapa
  Caption: Middle Zambezi, Revuboe R. (-16.1021, 33.6835)
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln1) fowleri
  Caption: Milagros
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln9) trilineatus
  Caption: Missing an eye!
• 
  Species: Hypancistrus sp. (L236)
  Caption: Mixed rearing tank
• 
  Species: Exostoma sawmteai
  Caption: Mizoram, India
• 
  Species: Microglanis variegatus
  Caption: Mocache river, province of Los Rios, Ecuador
• 
  Species: Microglanis variegatus
  Caption: Mocache river, province of Los Rios, Ecuador
• 
  Species: Microglanis variegatus
  Caption: Mocache river, province of Los Rios, Ecuador
• 
  Species: Synodontis polli
  Caption: Moliro
• 
  Species: Ancistrus ranunculus
  Caption: Month old juvenile
• 
  Species: Clarias batrachus
  Caption: Mottled Colour Form
• 
  Species: Corydoras(ln5) nijsseni
  Caption: Mottled form
• 
  Species: Clarias batrachus
  Caption: Mottled or Piebald form
• 
  Species: Panaqolus nocturnus
  Caption: Mouth
• 
  Species: Ancistrus sp. `RIO FORMOSO`
  Caption: Mouth of 9 cm fish
• 
  Species: Hypostomus froehlichi
  Caption: Mouth of a young 11 cm fish from rio formoso
• 
  Species: Hypostomus spiniger
  Caption: Mouth of adult
• 
  Species: Phyllonemus typus
  Caption: Mouthbrooding parent
• 
  Species: Mystus malabaricus
  Caption: Moyar River
• 
  Species: Cheirocerus eques
  Caption: MUSM 36707, Rio Las Piedras, Madre de Dios basin, Peru
• 
  Species: Xyliphius lepturus
  Caption: MUSM 36715, 94 mm SL, Rio Las Piedras, Madre de Dios basin, Peru
• 
  Species: Hypoptopoma incognitum
  Caption: MUSM 36735, 70mm SL, Rio Las Piedras, Madre de Dios basin, Peru
• 
  Species: Auchenipterus brachyurus
  Caption: MUSM 36779, 110 mm SL, Rio Las Piedras, Madre de Dios basin, Peru
• 
  Species: Spatuloricaria puganensis
  Caption: MUSM 36935, 167 mm SL, Rio Las Piedras, Madre de Dios basin, Peru
• 
  Species: Microglanis sp. `RIO LAS PIEDRAS`
  Caption: MUSM 36948, 38 mm SL, Rio Las Piedras. Reported as M. aff. iheringi
• 
  Species: Duringlanis aff. perugiae
  Caption: MUSM 36952, 55 mm SL, Rio Las Piedras, Madre de Dios basin, Peru
• 
  Species: Rineloricaria lanceolata
  Caption: MUSM 37019, 113 mm SL, Rio Las Piedras, Madre de Dios basin, Peru
• 
  Species: Mastiglanis sp. (2)
  Caption: MUSM 55055, Holotype
• 
  Species: Mastiglanis sp. (2)
  Caption: MUSM 55055, Holotype, dorsal view
• 
  Species: Mastiglanis sp. (2)
  Caption: MUSM 55055, Holotype, ventral view
• 
  Species: Microglanis garavelloi
  Caption: MZUEL 15575, Corrego Dourado, Rio Iguatemi
• 
  Species: Microglanis xylographicus
  Caption: MZUEL 5173, 16.9 mm SL
• 
  Species: Microglanis oliveirai
  Caption: MZUEL 5175, 26.5 mm SL